Electronics manufacturing process engineers are faced with significant challenges when selecting a cleaning system as a
consequence of the wide ranges of cleaning processes and equipment. Currently available cleaning systems include aqueous
processes,semi-aqueous processes,monosolvent vapor degreasing and co-solvent vapor degreasing; while equipment options
include inline,batch,centrifugal and ultrasonic immersion. When matching the right process with the right equipment for a
specific application,many other factors must be considered including performance,capital expense,SHE (safety,health and
environmental) restrictions,throughput,available floor space,chemical compatibility and operating costs and maintenance
costs. An analysis of the total cost of ownership of a cleaning process is an important step in choosing the right process.
This analysis helps identify the lifetime costs of acquiring,maintaining and operating a process. This paper discusses the
factors,advantages and disadvantages that should be considered for each of the commonly used processes in the electronics
cleaning industry to help determine the total cost of ownership.

Lead-free flux technology for electronic industry is mainly driven by high soldering temperature,high alloy surface tension, miniaturization,air soldering due to low cost consideration,and environmental concern. Accordingly,the flux features desired included high thermal stability,high resistance against burn-off,high oxidation resistance,high oxygen barrier capability,low surface tension,high fluxing capacity,slow wetting,low moisture pickup,high hot viscosity,and halogen-free. For each of the feature listed above,corresponding desired chemical structures can be deduced,and the impact of those structure on flux residue cleanability can be speculated. Overall,lead-free flux technology results in a greater difficulty in cleaning. Cleaner with a better matching solvency for the residue as well as a higher cleaning
temperature or agitation are needed. Alkaline and polar cleaner are often needed to deal with the larger quantity of fluxing products. Reactive cleaner is also desired to address the side reaction products such as crosslinked residue.

With the miniaturization of electronic devices1,the need for more versatile materials to make these devices increases. Coupled with the gradual removal of lead-based solders2,thermal stability of modern electronics materials is necessary to withstand high rework temperatures. Alternative non-lead solders such as the tin-silver-copper (SAC) solder increase rework temperatures by about 30-40°. New chemistries that increase the glass transition (Tg) and thermal decomposition temperatures (Td) have been developed to maintain the reliability of devices such as printed circuit boards (PCBs) and interconnect (IC) substrates during downstream assembly and rework processes. By increasing the crosslink density of a thermosetting material,higher Tgs are attained. The higher crosslink densities are achieved by increasing the functionality of
the resins and hardeners. High crosslink densities are achieved at the expense of brittleness for these materials. During part
fabrication of PCBs and ICs,circuitry is completed by copper-plated drill-holes between the different layers of the laminates. Currently,these drill-holes are predominantly mechanically drilled into the laminate. Drilling of brittle laminates is problematic because of problems associated with cracking,delamination,and drill-bit wear and breakage. Although the drilling equipment,drill bits,and drilling parameters can be optimized to minimize such issues,additional efforts are desirable to improve the drillability of the PCBs and ICs. Toughening materials are being incorporated into the resin formulations to improve drillability.
In this work we report results from a study on incorporating pre-formed toughening materials into high crosslink density
phenolic cured resin formulations and the effect of the toughener on thermomechanical properties,toughness and drillability
of the electrical laminates. The objective of the current work is to provide a toolbox that will help correlate the thermomechanical properties of the resin formulations to the drillability performance of the corresponding PCBs. Such a correlation is presently absent. These correlations will speed the new materials evaluation process relative to the drillability performance without the expensive and time-consuming process of performing extensive drilling studies.

An overview of previous work regarding light enegine development is provided,proceeded by an in-depth overview of new technology available for solder mask imaging.

Reel to reel production of flexible circuits where the substrate consists of a continuous roll is a technique commonly used in mass production. This method is an obvious solution for efficient Handling of the very flexible and sensitive materials used. This paper presents the latest innovations for production of flexible circuits in a continuous horizontal production system incorporating desmear and electroless copper metallisation followed by Electrolytic copper reinforcement with reverse pulse plating.
The special requirements of flexible material handling in particular in combination with thin copper foil are discussed together with the options available for metallisation and electrolytic copper plating equipment. This demand for thin copper foil is becoming more common for flexible applications to enable tighter line and space specifications. The copper plating system uses a special clamp on one side of the substrate with large contact area which ensure good electrical contact with the thin material also at high applied current densities and under reverse pulse plating.
The advantages of horizontal plating systems for this application are shown,in particular the use of insoluble anodes for copper plating to maintain surface plated copper uniformity and quality. In the system shown the use of segmented insoluble anodes is critical to ensure the best possible surface distribution at the high current densities used. The importance of uniform electrolyte agitation is discussed and methods to achieve this with varying substrate thickness are shown. The metallisation and also electrolytic copper plating utilises frequency controlled pumps and also a special active level control system to maintain optimum working conditions irrespective of the material being processed and the pump flooding set up.
This combination of features in the equipment allows the use of high production current densities even with thin flexible base
materials with thin conductive layers.
Results are shown from production systems being used to produce material with various material types and thicknesses. One
example has laser drilled glass reinforced substrate with through vias which are metallised and subsequently through hole
copper plated in a complete reel to reel production system.

The signal channels that link high speed processors to memory and various other peripherals,are limited by the inherent characteristics of the printed circuit board. These are what ultimately connect information to the outside world. One limiting factor is the effect of non-uniformity of the glass fiber distribution in the printed circuit substrate material,also known as fiber weave effect (FWE). FWE introduces signal skew and timing errors which place an upper limit on bit rate and trace length.
Using unique fabrication techniques and a proprietary low dielectric constant glass composition,a revolutionary glass fabric
is presented that is essentially free of fiber weave effect while demonstrating inherently improved resistance to conductive
anodic filament (CAF) formation. Improved laminate performance is demonstrated with finite element modeling and HyperLynx simulations,and corroborated with dielectric property measurements on prototype substrates.
A printed circuit board using this material demonstrates superior signal integrity performance over the traditional glass-based
solution. By uniformly distributing glass fibers the maximum surface area becomes available to bond with the resin,which is
enhanced by direct application of a finish to provide a high quality interface between glass and resin. Two high profile performance issues,fiber weave effect and CAF,are addressed by a unique laminate reinforcement.

The ever-increasing use of high frequency in high density interconnect (HDI) assemblies,combined with the worldwide move towards lead-free manufacturing,has initiated a closer assessment of effective flux removal processes. Since adequate climatic operating conditions can’t always be assured,system signal integrity maybe vulnerable to failure through induced capacitive effects of hygroscopic activator residues. Furthermore,such contamination is no longer detectable by ionequivalent
measurements alone.
Most failures of electronic components in humid environment are caused by electrochemical migration and corrosion induced
leakage currents. In this paper,the origins and effects of such failure mechanisms are examined. In addition,we are also discussing the influence of alloy types with particular reference to lead-free formulations. The critical importance of contamination free surfaces in high frequency circuits is outlined and put into context with the quality of conformal coating.
Finally,we will describe different methods to determine climatic reliability as well as introduce a new and innovative test method.

Specialty high frequency circuit materials have been used in the PCB industry for decades and for many different reasons. There are several attributes of these materials that are very unique when comparing to the more traditional PCB materials. When these attributes are well understood,the PCB fabricator and the OEM can benefit greatly from improved electrical performance. And there are many other non-electrical improvements that can be achieved of which the general public in the PCB industry may not be aware. In order to realize the full potential of the benefits these materials offer,the PCB fabrication issues must be well understood.

This presentation will examine materials declaration from a practical point of view,identify the role of materials declaration in the product lifecycle analysis and thus hone in on the practical implications of presenting and exchanging various pieces of data in a materials declaration. A certain emphasis will be placed on current and evolving regulatory needs,such as being able to meet upstream and downstream communications requirements,for example,on product safety data sheets,safe use training multimedia material,authorized uses and test data in a practical,efficient and sufficient manner. Emerging needs for product footprint development will also be briefly addressed.

Industry associations,such as IPC,were quick to develop standards to help the electronics industry deal with emerging environmental regulations; however,for regulatory compliance,smooth international trade and international supply chains,we rely heavily on International Standards Organizations such as ISO and IEC. In 2004,the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) launched TC111 on Environmental Standardization.
IEC/TC111 has a comprehensive work program developing international standards and guidelines for Environmentally Conscious Design,analytical test methods,materials declaration,and guidance for evaluating products with respect to restricted substances,and recycling and reuse.
IEC recently published IEC 62321 on Analytical test methods; IEC/PAS 62596 with guidelines for sampling procedures; and IEC 62430 on Environmentally Conscious Design. The IEC62321 standard was considered crucial for International trade to ensure that manufacturers and authorities are using the same test methods for assessing conformity to RoHS. Obtaining accurate substance concentration levels near the legal thresholds is difficult and requires the use of the right extraction and test methods.
The ECD standard (IEC62430) specifies requirements and procedures to integrate environmental aspects into design and development processes. It provides a framework of ECD requirements and provides a level of alignment with emerging international regulations that will require an ECD process.